KIR

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Contents

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Introduction

Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) are polymorphic receptors on human NK cells and a subset of T cells for MHC class I molecules and additional but yet unknown ligands. They are responsible for the detection of "missing self" of virus infected and transformed cells by NK cells by surveilling the level of MHC class I molecules. Functionally similar but structurally totally different molecules in mice belong to the Ly49 family. KIRs can be both inhibitory (long cytoplasmatic chain: KIR2DL, KIR3DL) and activating (short cytoplasmatic chain: KIR2DS, KIR3DS). The unique KIR2DL4 molecule can have both inhibitory as well as activating function. KIR Haplotypes can be divided into group A and group B ones. Group A KIR haplotypes have only one activating KIR (i.e. KIR2DS4), Group B KIR haplotypes can have up to five (of six) activating KIRs (Hsu et al., J Immunol 2002; Maxwell et al., Tissue Antigens 2002; Abi-Rached et al., J Exp Med 2005)

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KIR History

The activating KIRs have evolved from the ancestral inhibitory KIRs, as have similar receptors (Ly49) in rodents. Upon this single event, additional activating receptors have been generated through recombination and gene duplication. (Abi-Rached et al., J Exp Med 2005)

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KIR in rodents and Ly49 in humans

The human genome contains a single Ly49 gene, which is nonfunctional (Abi-Rached et al., J Exp Med 2005). Rodent genomes contain KIR genes, which seem to be functionally different from the hoinoid KIR gene family (Welch et al., 2003; Abi-Rached et al., J Exp Med 2005).

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KIR Typing

See [1] for an introduction to KIR Genotyping.

Leung et al., 2005 compared KIR Genotyping [2] and KIR Phenotyping (mRNA and protein).

dbLRC provides an open platform to collect information regarding Typing reagents, including those for KIR Typing

Heider, Cremer et al. (2005, poster presentation NK Hawaii [3]) described a novel commercial kit that can be used for both KIR Genotyping and KIR mRNA expression profiling due to a specific primer design.

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KIR loci

KIR2DL1, KIR2DL2, KIR2DL3, KIR2DL4, KIR2DL5, KIR2DS1, KIR2DS2, KIR2DS3, KIR2DS4, KIR2DS5, KIR3DL1, KIR3DL2, KIR3DL3, KIR3DS1, KIR2DP1, KIR3DP1

KIRs can be arranged in groups:

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Weblinks

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References

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2008

Hiby SE, Regan L, Lo W, Farrell L, Carrington M, Moffett A.
Association of maternal killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors and parental HLA-C genotypes with recurrent miscarriage.
Hum Reprod. 2008 Feb 8;. Epub, PMID:18263639

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2007

Dorak MT.
Role of natural killer cells and killer immunoglobulin-like receptor polymorphisms: association of HLA and KIRs.
Methods Mol Med. 2007;134:123-44., PMID:17666748

Stulberg MJ, Wright PW, Dang H, Hanson RJ, Miller JS, Anderson SK.
Identification of distal KIR promoters and transcripts.
Genes Immun. 2007 Mar;8(2):124-30. Epub 2006 Dec 7., PMID:17159886

Davies GE, Locke SM, Wright PW, Li H, Hanson RJ, Miller JS, Anderson SK.
Identification of bidirectional promoters in the human KIR genes.
Genes Immun. 2007 Apr;8(3):245-53. Epub 2007 Feb 22., PMID:17315044

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2006

KIR Ligand Absence in Recipients of Unrelated Donor (URD) Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation (HCT) Is Associated with Less Relapse and Increased Graft Versus Host Disease (GVHD).
Jeffrey S. Miller, Sarah Cooley, Peter Parham, Michael R. Verneris, Karina McQueen, Libby Guethlein, Sherif Farag, Michael Haagenson, Mary Horowitz, John Klein, and Daniel J. Weisdorf
Blood (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts). 2006; 108(11): p. 171

Park Y, Choi H, Park H, Park S, Yoo EK, Kim D, Sanjeevi CB.
Predominance of the Group A Killer Ig-Like Receptor Haplotypes in Korean Patients With T1D.
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006 Oct;1079:240-50., PMID:17130561

Qi Y, Martin MP, Gao X, Jacobson L, Goedert JJ, Buchbinder S, Kirk GD, O'brien SJ, Trowsdale J, Carrington M.
KIR/HLA Pleiotropism: Protection against Both HIV and Opportunistic Infections.
PLoS Pathog. 2006 Aug 18;2(8). Epub, PMID:16933987

Jones DC, Edgar RS, Ahmad T, Cummings JR, Jewell DP, Trowsdale J, Young NT.
Killer Ig-like receptor (KIR) genotype and HLA ligand combinations in ulcerative colitis susceptibility.
Genes Immun. 2006 Aug 24;. Epub, PMID:16929347

Sambrook JG, Bashirova A, Andersen H, Piatak M, Vernikos G, Coggill P, Lifson JD, Carrington M, Beck S.
Identification of the ancestral killer immunoglobulin-like receptor gene in primates.
BMC Genomics. 2006 Aug 15;7(1):209. Epub, PMID:16911775

Hsu KC, Gooley T, Malkki M, Pinto-Agnello C, Dupont B, Bignon JD, Bornhauser M, Christiansen F, Gratwohl A, Morishima Y, Oudshoorn M, Ringden O, van Rood JJ, Petersdorf E.
KIR Ligands and Prediction of Relapse after Unrelated Donor Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation for Hematologic Malignancy.
Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2006 Aug;12(8):828-36., PMID:16864053

Ploski R, Luszczek W, Kusnierczyk P, Nockowski P, Cislo M, Krajewski P, Malejczyk J.
A Role for KIR Gene Variants Other Than KIR2DS1 in Conferring Susceptibility to Psoriasis.
Hum Immunol. 2006 Jul;67(7):521-6., PMID:16829306

Stein MN, Shin J, Gudzowaty O, Bernstein AM, Liu JM.
Antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity to breast cancer targets despite inhibitory KIR signaling.
Anticancer Res. 2006 May-Jun;26(3A):1759-63., PMID:16827104

Bashirova AA, Martin MP, McVicar DW, Carrington M.
The Killer Immunoglobulin-like Receptor Gene Cluster: Tuning the Genome for Defense.
Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet. 2006 Jun 8;. Epub, PMID:16824023

Re F, Staudacher C, Zamai L, Vecchio V, Bregni M.
Killer cell Ig-like receptors ligand-mismatched, alloreactive natural killer cells lyse primary solid tumors.
Cancer. 2006 Jun 27;. Epub, PMID:16804934

Treanor B, Lanigan PM, Kumar S, Dunsby C, Munro I, Auksorius E, Culley FJ, Purbhoo MA, Phillips D, Neil MA, Burshtyn DN, French PM, Davis DM.
Microclusters of inhibitory killer immunoglobulin-like receptor signaling at natural killer cell immunological synapses.
J Cell Biol. 2006 Jun 26;. Epub, PMID:16801390

Luszczek W, Majorczyk E, Nowak I, Pawlik A, Jasek M, Wisniewski A, Kusnierczyk P.
Inhibitory and activatory KIR gene frequencies in the Polish population.
Int J Immunogenet. 2006 Jun;33(3):167-70., PMID:16712646

Frassati C, Touinssi M, Picard C, Segura M, Galicher V, Papa K, Gagne K, Vivier E, Degioanni A, Boetsch G, Mercier P, Vely F, de Micco P, Reviron D, Chiaroni J.
Distribution of killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) in Comoros and Southeast France.
Tissue Antigens. 2006 May;67(5):356-67., PMID:16671942

Sambrook JG, Sehra H, Coggill P, Humphray S, Palmer S, Sims S, Takamatsu HH, Wileman T, Archibald AL, Beck S.
Identification of a single killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) gene in the porcine leukocyte receptor complex on chromosome 6q.
Immunogenetics. 2006 Apr 29;. Epub, PMID:16649045

Warren HS, Rana PM, Rieger DT, Hewitt KA, Dahlstrom JE, Kent AL.
CD8 T cells expressing killer Ig-like receptors and NKG2A are present in cord blood and express a more naive phenotype than their counterparts in adult blood.
J Leukoc Biol. 2006 Mar 30;. Epub. PMID:16574769

Zhu FM, Jiang K, Lv QF, He J, Yan LX.
Investigation of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor KIR2DL4 diversity by sequence-based typing in Chinese population.
Tissue Antigens. 2006 Mar;67(3):214-21., PMID:16573558

Yawata M, Yawata N, Draghi M, Little AM, Partheniou F, Parham P.
Roles for HLA and KIR polymorphisms in natural killer cell repertoire selection and modulation of effector function.
J Exp Med. 2006 Mar 13; Epub, PMID:16533882 (incl. anti-KIR antibody based method)

Mullighan CG, Petersdorf EW.
Genomic Polymorphism and Allogeneic Hematopoietic Transplantation Outcome.
Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2006 Jan;12(1S1):19-27., PMID:16399580

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2005

Carrington M, Martin MP.
The impact of variation at the KIR gene cluster on human disease.
Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2006;298:225-57. PMID: 16329188

KIR reconstitution is altered by T cells in the graft and correlates with clinical outcomes after unrelated donor transplantation
Sarah Cooley, Valarie McCullar, Rosanna Wangen, Tracy L. Bergemann, Stephen Spellman, Daniel J. Weisdorf, and Jeffrey S. Miller
Blood 2005;106 4370-4376 NKref0497

Iannone R, Davies SM.
Tissue typing for hematopoietic cell transplantation: Newer techniques and newer antigens for which cross-matching is helpful.
Pediatr Transplant. 2005 Dec;9(s7):76-80. PMID: 16305621 (includes KIR Typing)

Heider U, Cremer A, Tomiuk S, Arendt A, Schmitz J, Bosio A, Huppert V, Biervert C
Using PCR-SSP technique for analyzing KIR mRNA expression profiles in NK cells.
Poster presentation A078 NK Hawaii 2005

Tran TH, Mytilineos J, Scherer S, Laux G, Middleton D, Opelz G.
Analysis of KIR Ligand Incompatibility in Human Renal Transplantation.
Transplantation. 2005 Oct 27;80(8):1121-3. PMID: 16278595

Chan AT, Kollnberger SD, Wedderburn LR, Bowness P.
Expansion and enhanced survival of natural killer cells expressing the killer immunoglobulin-like receptor KIR3DL2 in spondylarthritis.
Arthritis Rheum. 2005 Oct 27;52(11):3586-3595. Epub PMID: 16255049

Boyton RJ, Smith J, Ward R, Jones M, Ozerovitch L, Wilson R, Rose M, Trowsdale J, Altmann DM.
HLA-C and Killer Cell Immunoglobulin-Like Receptor (KIR) Genes in Idiopathic Bronchiectasis.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005 Oct 27;. Epub PMID: 16254274

Abi-Rached L, Parham P.
Natural selection drives recurrent formation of activating killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor and Ly49 from inhibitory homologues.
J Exp Med. 2005 Apr 18;201(8):1319-32. PMID: 15837816 NKref0434

Improved outcome in HLA-identical sibling hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation for acute myelogenous leukemia predicted by KIR and HLA genotypes
K. C. Hsu, C. A. Keever-Taylor, A. Wilton, C. Pinto, G. Heller, K. Arkun, R. J. O'Reilly, M. M. Horowitz, and B. Dupont
Blood 2005 105 (12)

Comparison of Killer Ig-Like Receptor Genotyping and Phenotyping for Selection of Allogeneic Blood Stem Cell Donors
Leung, W., Iyengar, R., Triplett, B., Turner, V., Behm, F. G., Holladay, M. S., Houston, J., Handgretinger, R.
J Immunol 2005 174: p. 6540-6545 NKref0437

Jiang K, Zhu FM, Lv QF, Yan LX.
Distribution of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor genes in the Chinese Han population.
Tissue Antigens. 2005 Jun;65(6):556-63. PMID: 15896204

De Santis D, Bishara A, Witt CS, Nagler A, Brautbar C, Slavin S, Christiansen FT.
Natural killer cell HLA-C epitopes and killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors both influence outcome of mismatched unrelated donor bone marrow transplants.
Tissue Antigens. 2005 Jun;65(6):519-28. PMID: 15896199

Denis L, Gagne K, Gueglio B, Kerdudou N, Milpied N, Simon P, Follea G, Bonneville M, Harousseau JL, Bignon JD.
NK-KIR Transcript Kinetics Correlate With Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease Occurrence After Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplantation.
Hum Immunol. 2005 May;66(5):447-59. PMID: 15935882

Rajagopalan S, Long EO.
Understanding how combinations of HLA and KIR genes influence disease.
J Exp Med. 2005 Apr 4;201(7):1025-9. Review. PMID: 15809348 NKref0465

Carrington M, Wang S, Martin MP, Gao X, Schiffman M, Cheng J, Herrero R, Rodriguez AC, Kurman R, Mortel R, Schwartz P, Glass A, Hildesheim A.
Hierarchy of resistance to cervical neoplasia mediated by combinations of killer immunoglobulin-like receptor and human leukocyte antigen loci.
J Exp Med. 2005 Apr 4;201(7):1069-75. PMID: 15809352

Uhrberg M.
The KIR gene family: life in the fast lane of evolution.
Eur J Immunol. 2005 Jan;35(1):10-5. Review. PMID: 15580655 NKref0466

Distinct Transcriptional Control Mechanisms of Killer Immunoglobulin-like Receptors in Natural Killer (NK) and in T Cells
Xu, J., Vallejo, A. N., Jiang, Y., Weyand, C. M., Goronzy, J. J.
J. Biol. Chem. 2005 280: p. 24277-24285

Elmaagacli AH, Ottinger H, Koldehoff M, Peceny R, Steckel NK, Trenschel R, Biersack H, Grosse-Wilde H, Beelen DW.
Reduced risk for molecular disease in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia after transplantation from a KIR-mismatched donor.
Transplantation. 2005 Jun 27;79(12):1741-7. PMID: 15973179

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2004

Witt CS, Goodridge J, Gerbase-DeLima MG, Daher S, Christiansen FT
Maternal KIR repertoire is not associated with recurrent spontaneous abortion.
Hum Reprod. 2004 Aug 27;. Epub PMID: 15333596

Moretta L, Moretta A
Killer immunoglobulin-like receptors.
Curr Opin Immunol. 2004 Oct;16(5):626-633. PMID: 15342010

Parham P.
Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor diversity: balancing signals in the natural killer cell response.
Immunol Lett. 2004 Mar 29;92(1-2):11-3. PMID: 15081521

Nikitina-Zake L, Rajalingham R, Rumba I, Sanjeevi CB.
Killer Cell Immunoglobulin-like Receptor Genes in Latvian Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and Healthy Controls.
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2004 Dec;1037:161-9. PMID: 15699512

Hiby, S. E., Walker, J. J., O'Shaughnessy, K. M., Redman, C. W.G., Carrington, M., Trowsdale, J., Moffett, A.
Combinations of Maternal KIR and Fetal HLA-C Genes Influence the Risk of Preeclampsia and Reproductive Success
J. Exp. Med. 2004 0: p. jem.20041214-9 NKref0381

Shin EC, Choi KS, Kim SJ, Shin JS.
Modulation of the surface expression of CD158 killer cell Ig-like receptor by interleukin-2 and transforming growth factor-beta.
Yonsei Med J. 2004 Jun 30;45(3):510-4. PMID: 15227739 NKref0356

Trowsdale J, Parham P.
Mini-review: defense strategies and immunity-related genes.
Eur J Immunol. 2004 Jan;34(1):7-17. Review. PMID: 14971025 NKref0353

Varla-Leftherioti M
Role of a KIR/HLA-C allorecognition system in pregnancy.
J Reprod Immunol. 2004 Jun;62(1-2):19-27. PMID: 15288178

Martin AM, Kulski JK, Gaudieri S, Witt CS, Freitas EM, Trowsdale J, Christiansen FT.
Comparative genomic analysis, diversity and evolution of two KIR haplotypes A and B.
Gene. 2004 Jun 23;335:121-31. PMID: 15194195 NKref0328

Maxwell LD, Ross OA, Curran MD, Rea IM, Middleton D
Investigation of KIR diversity in immunosenecence and longevity within the Irish population.
Exp Gerontol. 2004 Aug;39(8):1223-32. PMID: 15288696

Ferlazzo, G., Thomas, D., Lin, S.-L., Goodman, K., Morandi, B., Muller, W. A., Moretta, A., Munz, C.
The Abundant NK Cells in Human Secondary Lymphoid Tissues Require Activation to Express Killer Cell Ig-Like Receptors and Become Cytolytic
J Immunol 2004 172: p. 1455-1462

Roi Gazit, Ben-Zion Garty, Yehudith Monselise, Vered Hoffer, Yaron Finkelstein, Gal Markel, Gil Katz, Jacob Hanna, Hagit Achdout, Raizy Gruda, Tsufit Gonen-Gross, and Ofer Mandelboim
Expression of KIR2DL1 on the entire NK cell population: a possible novel immunodeficiency syndrome
Blood 2004;103 1965-1966 NKref0276

Gal Markel, Huda Mussaffi, Khoon-Lin Ling, Mariolina Salio, Stephan Gadola, Guy Steuer, Hannah Blau, Hagit Achdout, Maria de Miguel, Tsufit Gonen-Gross, Jacob Hanna, Tal I. Arnon, Udi Qimron, Ilan Volovitz, Lea Eisenbach, Richard S. Blumberg, Angel Porgador, Vincenzo Cerundolo, and Ofer Mandelboim The mechanisms controlling NK cell autoreactivity in TAP2-deficient patients
Blood 2004;103 1770-1778 NKref0277

Dong LJ.
KIR and Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation - Review
Zhongguo Shi Yan Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi. 2004 Feb;12(1):108-14.
Chinese.
PMID: 14989784

Bishara A, De Santis D, Witt CC, Brautbar C, Christiansen FT, Or R, Nagler A, Slavin S.
The beneficial role of inhibitory KIR genes of HLA class I NK epitopes in haploidentically mismatched stem cell allografts may be masked by residual donor-alloreactive T cells causing GVHD.
Tissue Antigens. 2004 Mar;63(3):204-11.
PMID: 14989709

Grau R, Lang KS, Wernet D, Lang P, Niethammer D, Pusch CM, Handgretinger R.
Cytotoxic activity of natural killer cells lacking killer-inhibitory receptors for self-HLA class I molecules against autologous hematopoietic stem cells in healthy individuals.
Exp Mol Pathol. 2004 Apr;76(2):90-8.
PMID: 15010286 [NKref0278]

Momot T, Koch S, Hunzelmann N, Krieg T, Ulbricht K, Schmidt RE, Witte T
Association of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors with scleroderma.
Arthritis Rheum. 2004 May;50(5):1561-5. PMID: 15146426

van Bergen J, Thompson A, van der Slik A, Ottenhoff TH, Gussekloo J, Koning F.
Phenotypic and functional characterization of CD4 T cells expressing killer Ig-like receptors.
J Immunol. 2004 Dec 1;173(11):6719-26., PMID:15557164 (Free Full Text)

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2003

Welch AY, Kasahara M, Spain LM.
Identification of the mouse killer immunoglobulin-like receptor-like (Kirl) gene family mapping to chromosome X.
Immunogenetics. 2003 Feb;54(11):782-90. PMID: 12618911

Giebel S, Locatelli F, Lamparelli T, Velardi A, Davies S, Frumento G, Maccario R, Bonetti F, Wojnar J, Martinetti M, Frassoni F, Giorgiani G, Bacigalupo A, Holowiecki J.
Survival advantage with KIR ligand incompatibility in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation from unrelated donors.
Blood. 2003 Aug 1;102(3):814-9. Epub 2003 Apr 10. PMID: 12689936

Becker S, Tonn T, Fussel T, Uhrberg M, Bogdanow M, Seifried E, Seidl C.
Assessment of killer cell immunoglobulinlike receptor expression and corresponding HLA class I phenotypes demonstrates heterogenous KIR expression independent of anticipated HLA class I ligands.
Hum Immunol. 2003 Feb;64(2):183-93. PMID: 12559621 NKref0307

Pando MJ, Gardiner CM, Gleimer M, McQueen KL, Parham P.
The protein made from a common allele of KIR3DL1 (3DL1*004) is poorly expressed at cell surfaces due to substitution at positions 86 in Ig domain 0 and 182 in Ig domain 1.
J Immunol. 2003 Dec 15;171(12):6640-9. PMID: 14662867 NKref0308

Goodridge JP, Witt CS, Christiansen FT, Warren HS.
KIR2DL4 (CD158d) genotype influences expression and function in NK cells.
J Immunol. 2003 Aug 15;171(4):1768-74. PMID: 12902476 NKref0309

Cook MA, Norman PJ, Curran MD, Maxwell LD, Briggs DC, Middleton D, Vaughan RW.
A multi-laboratory characterization of the KIR genotypes of 10th International Histocompatibility Workshop cell lines.
Hum Immunol. 2003 May;64(5):567-71. PMID: 12691708 NKref0389; see KIR Typing

Chan HW, Kurago ZB, Stewart CA, Wilson MJ, Martin MP, Mace BE, Carrington M, Trowsdale J, Lutz CT.
DNA methylation maintains allele-specific KIR gene expression in human natural killer cells.
J Exp Med. 2003 Jan 20;197(2):245-55. PMID: 12538663 NKref0367

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2002

Hsu KC, Liu XR, Selvakumar A, Mickelson E, O'Reilly RJ, Dupont B.
Killer Ig-like receptor haplotype analysis by gene content: evidence for genomic diversity with a minimum of six basic framework haplotypes, each with multiple subsets.
J Immunol. 2002 Nov 1;169(9):5118-29. PMID: 12391228

Maxwell LD, Wallace A, Middleton D, Curran MD.
A common KIR2DS4 deletion variant in the human that predicts a soluble KIR molecule analogous to the KIR1D molecule observed in the rhesus monkey.
Tissue Antigens. 2002 Sep;60(3):254-8. PMID: 12445308

Davies SM, Ruggieri L, DeFor T, Wagner JE, Weisdorf DJ, Miller JS, Velardi A, Blazar BR.
Evaluation of KIR ligand incompatibility in mismatched unrelated donor hematopoietic transplants. Killer immunoglobulin-like receptor.
Blood. 2002 Nov 15;100(10):3825-7. Epub 2002 Jul 5. PMID: 12393440

Gagne K, Brizard G, Gueglio B, Milpied N, Herry P, Bonneville F, Cheneau ML, Schleinitz N, Cesbron A, Follea G, Harrousseau JL, Bignon JD.
Relevance of KIR gene polymorphisms in bone marrow transplantation outcome.
Hum Immunol. 2002 Apr;63(4):271-80. PMID: 12039408 NKref0310

Shilling HG, Guethlein LA, Cheng NW, Gardiner CM, Rodriguez R, Tyan D, Parham P.
Allelic polymorphism synergizes with variable gene content to individualize human KIR genotype.
J Immunol. 2002 Mar 1;168(5):2307-15. PMID: 11859120 NKref0257

Rajalingam R, Krausa P, Shilling HG, Stein JB, Balamurugan A, McGinnis MD, Cheng NW, Mehra NK, Parham P.
Distinctive KIR and HLA diversity in a panel of north Indian Hindus.
Immunogenetics. 2002 Mar;53(12):1009-19. Epub 2002 Feb 6 PMID: 11904677 (Free Fulltext)

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2001 and earlier

Ruggeri L, Capanni M, Casucci M, Volpi I, Tosti A, Perruccio K, Urbani E, Negrin RS, Martelli MF, Velardi A.
Role of natural killer cell alloreactivity in HLA-mismatched hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
Blood. 1999 Jul 1;94(1):333-9. PMID: 10381530

Francisco Borrego, Juraj Kabat, Dae-Ki Kima, Louis Lieto, Kerima Maashoa, José Peña, Rafael Solana b, John E. Coligan Structure and function of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I specific receptors expressed on human natural killer (NK) cells
Molecular Immunology 38 (2001) 637–660

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